The decision by Cork City councillors on 15th March 2022 to rezone the Bessborough area marked Children’s Burial Ground to a landscape preservation zone, was as a result of the sustained campaign fought by members of the Cork Survivors and Supporters Alliance (CSSA) over many years. This zoning should help to enhance the protection afforded the burial grounds on the site of the former Bessborough Mother and Child Institution. The location of the remains of up to 859 babies who died is still uncertain.
Following the successful appeal by the CSSA in 2021 to the An Bord Pleanala (the Irish Planning Board), which led to the refusal of planning permission for the construction of blocks of apartments on the site, this Cork City Council decision represented further vindication for the survivors of Bessborough Mother and Child institution in their efforts to protect this burial site.
Members of the CSSA, who were present in the Council Chamber received a huge round of applause from Cork City councillors at the meeting.
Front Row L to R: Catherine Coffey O’Brien, Ann O’Gorman with the Spirit of Mother Jones Award 2021, Maureen Considine. Back Row: Maureen Sullivan, Mary Dunlevy, Phil Kinsella and Sheila O’Byrne of the CSSA outside Cork City Hall.
The CSSA was nominated to receive the 2021 Spirit of Mother Jones Award for their outstanding efforts to protect the site.
Earlier in the evening at City Hall the 2021 Spirit of Mother Jones Award was presented personally to CSSA’s Ann O’Gorman by Gerard O’Mahony on behalf of the Cork Mother Jones Committee.
Ann’s daughter Evelyn, born almost 50 years ago in Bessborough, was buried in an unmarked grave there.
Ann O’Gorman with the Spirit of Mother Jones Award
Ann was described by Maureen Considine of the CSSA as ” an amazing campaigner and an inspirational hero to all of us”.
She has demanded for many decades that this site should be “marked, protected and blessed”.
This Cork City Council decision will contribute to the preservation of the burial site and the realisation of Ann O’Gorman’s dream.
Gerard O’Mahony presenting Spirit of Mother Jones Award to Ann O’Gorman.Sheila O’Byrne, Ann O’Gorman, Cllr. Ted Tynan, and Cllr. Lorna Bogue at Cork City Hall.Ann O’Gorman and Phil Kinsella CSSA.Lord Mayor of Cork, Cllr. Colm Kelleher with the CSSA at City Hall Cork.
The Spirit of Mother Jones festival will broadcast a discussion between two activists of the Cork Survivors and Supporters Alliance (CSSA) which has campaigned to get the relevant authorities to locate and protect the burial ground of hundreds of babies born in the Bessborough Mother and Baby ‘Home’ during its operation from 1922 to 1996.
The discussion will be broadcast on Saturday evening 27th November at 7.30.
Catherine Coffey O’Brien and Maureen Considine discuss how their organisation located a 1950 Ordnance Survey map which showed the location of the Children’s’ Burial Ground at Bessborough and used it as the basis of their campaign to protect the site from an apartment development.
Maureen Considine and Catherine Coffey O’Brien in discussion.
They also discuss efforts to achieve healing for those who suffered. The memorialisation of the women and children who died in these institutions should be a priority. The class structures within the homes need to be examined in greater detail in order to ensure that the full oral and written testimony of survivors and the archival legacy of the period be secured and open to all in perpetuity.
Background to the planned development.
By order dated 25th May 2021, An Bord Pleanāla, (ABP) the Irish Planning Board refused planning for an apartment complex of 179 residential units at Bessboro, Ballinure in Cork City. Its decision stated that it is
“not satisfied that the site at Bessboro was not previously used as, and does not contain, a children’s burial ground and considers that there are reasonable concerns in relation to the potential for a children’s burial ground within the site associated with the former use of the lands as a Mother and Baby Home over the period 1922 to 1998.“
An Bord Pleanála
A second planning application for 67 apartments nearby was later refused by both Cork City Council and An Bord Pleanàla on environmental grounds and the fact that the overall design was no longer coherent without permission for the other blocks in the complex.
While many survivors, politicians and others objected to the original planning application submitted in late 2020 under the Irish planning fast track Strategic Housing Development legislation, in the subsequent oral hearing conducted online by ABP over three days from Wednesday 21st April to Friday 23rd April 2021, the active participation and detailed arguments made by the Cork Survivors and Supporters Alliance (CSSA) ensured that ABP had no choice but to reject the development.
Through the research and determination of the CSSA, it had discovered an Ordnance Survey original map drawing, dated 1950, clearly marking the site of the “Childrens’ Burial Ground”. Although contested fiercely by the developer, the Alliance’s legal team convinced ABP to reject the planned development which would have effectively desecrated, through ground works, most of the burial ground as shown on the map.
OSI 1950 map showing burial ground at Bessborough.The site of the OSI marked burial ground today.
Earlier, the closing date for public submissions to ABP was the 12th January 2021, coincidentally the same day as the Final Report of theCommission of Investigation into Mother and Baby Homes (M&B CHOI) was published.
As the CSSA needed to include remarks on the commission’s final report members were left no option, but to hand-deliver and electronically submit objections to the Cork City Council and ABP before close of business on the same day. No extensions or allowances could be made by the planning system.
According to the Commission of Investigation;
“the proportion of Irish unmarried mothers who were admitted to mother and baby homes or county homes in the 20th Century was probably the highest in the world”.
An estimated 100,000 Irish women may have given birth in the various institutions during the 20th century. Of the estimated 56,000 mothers who were sent to those 18 institutions investigated by the above Commission, an estimated 9,000 of their babies (15% of the children born) died in them.
Bessborough in Cork was one such institution. Established in 1922, it was owned and run by the Congregation of the Sacred Heart of Jesus and Mary nuns, based at Chigwell in London. Later in 1933 a maternity hospital was opened. Some mothers were treated privately, but most were paid for by the public assistance/health authorities.
From 1922 to 1998, 9768 mothers were admitted and approx. 9000 babies were born. Of these, at least 921 children associated with Bessboro died, 761 died in Bessboro itself. Between the years 1940-44, 330 children died there or a third of the total. The burial place of 856+ children and 14 women has not been identified to date. Stillborn infants are not included in any final number of Bessborough dead.
“in spite of serious efforts, it has not been able to establish where the majority of the Bessborough children are buried”.
The Executive Summary Report is blunt;
“The Congregation of the Sacred Heart of Jesus and Mary are unable to identify where the children from Bessboro are buried. The Commission finds it very hard to believe that there is no one in the congregation who does not have some knowledge of the burial places of the children.”
Further planning applications under the Strategic Housing Development legislation for residential development of the Bessborough grounds are expected shortly.
Existing memorials to the children and mothers near Bessborough.
Catherine Coffey O’Brien is a graduate of University College Cork. She describes herself as a tin-smith’s granddaughter and an intergenerational survivor of industrial schools institutions. She was tricked into going to Bessborough in 1989 when pregnant, but soon ran away. She did not want another generation of her family to be lost to the system.
Maureen Considine is a graduate of Fine Art from CIT Crawford College of Art and design and a Master graduate of Art History in University College Cork. She is now a PhD candidate and funded Excellence Scholar in the College of Arts, Celtic Studies and Social Sciences UCC. From Mayfield, she specialises in art history and critiques consultative engagement with marginalised communities.
Update on 1st February 2023.
The story continues.
MWB Two Ltd submitted a further planning application to Cork City Council on 17th November 2022 for the construction of 92 apartments in two buildings ranging in height from 5 to 8 storeys. The company wished to construct these apartments to the east of the Folly and nuns cemetery on a portion of their site at Bessborough which was subject to the earlier applications.
This latest application was again opposed by the Cork Survivors and Supporters Alliance along with other groups of survivors, local politicians and some residents on the grounds of uncertainty as to where the hundreds of children who died at Bessborough are buried.
By order dated 20th January, Cork City Council, refused to grant permission for the development
“due to its height, scale, design and relationship to the historic landscape in which it sits, would result in isolated residential blocks in a protected landscape within the curtilage of a protected structure, and would comprise haphazard development which would detract from the character of the area which is designated as an Area of High Landscape Value in the Cork City Development Plan. The development as proposed, would, therefore be contrary to Objectives 6.13, 8.19 and 8.20 in the Cork City Development Plan 2022-2028 and would be contrary to the proper planning and sustainable development of the area”.
An appeal by MWB Two Ltd to An Bord Pleanala is likely to follow.
Bessborough Planning Update: June 2024.
Some of this land had already been refused planning permission by An Bord Pleanala by order on 25th May 2021 on the grounds that it was ” premature to grant permission for the proposed development prior to establishing whether there is a Children’s Burial ground within the site and extent of any such burial ground”. Although the circumstances had not changed in the 18 months since the earlier decision, MWB Two Ltd submitted the new application for some of the same area.
As expected, an appeal was lodged to An Bord Pleanala (ABP) by MWB Two Ltd and all parties were notified of this appeal by letter on 10th February 2023. The MWB Two Ltd made a submission to ABP dated 14th February 2023.
A number of submissions have been sent by interested parties including the Cork Survivors and Supporters Alliance to An Bord Pleanala and a decision by the ABP is awaited. The ABP has written to all parties stating it will not be in a position to determine the case before the required date “due to a continuing significant backlog of cases at board level”. The last such letter was dated 11th September 2023.
Update: Sunday 30th June 2024.
Ann O’Gorman alongside the plaque commemorating her daughter Evelyn2024 Plaque at Entrance to Children’s Burial Ground, Bessborough.
On Sunday 30th June 2024, on a lovely afternoon, a small gathering of Bessborough survivors and friends gathered near the entrance to the Children’s Burial ground as recorded by Ordnance Survey Ireland December 1949-50. A plaque by the Cork Survivors And Supporters Alliance (CSSA) in honour of Evelyn, beloved daughter of Ann O’Gorman was unveiled. A dignified moment of silence was held in honour of all the children who lie in unmarked graves in the vicinity. Several wreaths were placed near the location.
Crowd at Bessborough PlaqueSome memorials left recently near the Bessborough Folly.The Bessborough Folly with the nuns graveyard to the front. The planned development is about fifty metres to the north east of this enclosure.
